UC-NRLF 


Mfifl 


LIBRARY 

OF  THE 

UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA. 


GIFT 


•^ 


GREATER 


I  United  States! 


NORTH  AMERICA 


ESSAY 

BY 


E.    J.   DAVID 


SAN    FRANCISCO: 
M.    \'     LACAZE,   Print.,  729  Montgomery  Street          ~ 

£ 

1903-  5^ 

^  ° 


GREATER 

United  States 

OF 

NORTH  AMERICA 


ESSAY 

BY 


E.   J.  DAVID 


SAN   FRANCISCO: 

M.  V.  L,ACAZB>   Print.,  729  Montgomery  Street 
1903. 


1903 
by  E.J.DAVID. 


PREFACE 


This  is  a  mere  Essay, — multum  in  parvo. 

In  this  work,  the  Author,  a  plain*  citizen,  simply 
•exposes  in  a  business-like  fashion,  his  views  on  some 
of  the  opportunities  of  our  country  as  a  nation. 

S.  F.,  January,  1903. 


1 1 4447 


CHAPTER  I. 

THE  YANKEE. 

If  you  go  through  the  world,  in  foreign  lands: 
England,  France,  Italy,  Germany,  Spain,  Austria, 
Russia,  in  old  Europe;  in  Persia,  India,  Siam,  China, 
in  thick-set  Asia;  Algeria,  Egypt,  Senegal,  Cape 
Colony,  in  dark  Africa;  in  Australia;  in  South  Amer- 
ica; from  the  North  to  the  South  Pole,  ask  to  any 
native  of  these  foreign  countries  what  is  a  Yankee? 
Readily  he  will  reply  that  he  is  the  citizen  of  the 
United  States  of  America.  For  him  the  name  itself 
means  more:  it  is  synonimous  with  liberty,  honesty, 
ability,  liberality,  individuality,  audacity  in  conception, 
skill  in  mechanics  and  in  invention.  The  magic  success 
of  the  Spanish  war  made  the  name  known  in  the  small- 
est hamlet  in  foreign  lands. 

A  new  name  has  been  forged  to  serve  other  in- 
terests than  ours1,  rather  than  to  meet  new  idea,  but 
in  -my  mind  of  business  man  I  plainly  understand  that 
an  Englishman  is  an  Englishman,  a  German  is  a  Ger- 
man, a  Russian  is  a  Russian,  an  American  is  an 
American,  by  birth  or  adoption,  by  interest  and  by 
sentiment,  and  will  remain  so;  that  only  things  and 
animals  belong  to  the  whole  world  because  they  have 
no  human  soul  and  anybody  can  buy  it.  Passion  and 
imagination,  indispensable  to  poets  and  writers,  have 


—  8  — 

the  merchant  and  'the  industrial  man  is  certainly  one 
of  the  most  prominent  features.  The  power  which  the 
great  representatives  of  industry  and  commerce  and 
banking  have  to-day  in  the  Union  could  not  have  been 
dreamed  thirty  years  ago.  The  steady  raising  of  the 
practical  professions,  that  of  the  engineer  and  the 
scientist  and  the  literator  in  comparison  with  the  trade 
professions  is  to  be  noted.  The  number  of  men  who 
unselfishly  and  with  high  ideals  serve  the  community 
in  a  thousand  forms  is  increasing  every  day.  The 
wave  of  American  beaux-arts  and  belles-lettres  is 
steadily  swelling. 

The  intellectual  and  esthetic  interests  of  the  masses 
have  grown  with  the  higher  standard  of  the  whole 
population.  The  public  libraries,  the  reading  of 
papers,  the  formation  of  clubs  and  societies,  discussions 
:asnd  lectures  reach  the  widest  circles.  Meanwhile 
wealthy  men,  in  a  growing  measure,  devote  whole  and 
sometimes  stupendous  fortunes  to  public  benefits. 
Other  important  features  are  the  new  enthusiasm  for 
the  sea,  for  naval  affairs,  for  foreign  lands  beyond  the 
ocean,  a<  widening  of  horizon  which  necessarily  rein- 
forces the  spirit  of  independence  arid  individual  activ- 
ity. Add  the  immense  development  of  science,  of 
industry,  of  commercial  pursuits,  of  transportation,  of 
means  of  communication,  all  democratic  factors  that 
put  men  on  a'n  eqilaill  footing  and  bring  progress 
within  the  reach  of  everyone. 

It  is  justly  'claimed  that  the  European  civilization 
is  older  than  ours, but  it  does  not  prove  that  her 'civiliz- 
ation is  nowadays  better  than  ours.  Impeded  in 


—  9  — 

Europe  by  powerful  destructive  defects,  of  which  the 
militarism  is  the  principal,  the  higher  civilization  has 
already  crossed  the  ocean ;  it  is  us  now  who  are  leading 
in  the  higher  civilization  since  it  means  freer  and  better 
men.  The  contributions  of  America  to  civilization  are 
numerous,  as:  the  diffusion  of  education,  the  widest 
religious  'tdlleration,  the  successful  development  of 
universal  suffrage,  the  safety  of  property,  the  love  for 
the  Government,  the  efficient  working  and  honesty  of 
the  Administration,  the  wide  diffusion  of  property  and 
well-being,  the  unparalleled  prlogressiveness  of  the  de- 
mocratic nation ;  and,  the  most  eminent  contribution 
which  the  United  States  has  made  to  civilization  is 
the  advance  made,  in  America,  toward  the  abandon- 
ment of  war  as  a  means  of  settling  disputes  between 
nations,  the  substitution  of  discussion  and  arbitration. 

No  other  country  can  show  a  similar  achievement 
which  deserves  the  respect  and  admiration  of  the 
world ;  for  a  young  country  she  has,  since  her 
birth,  behaved  as  no  country  in  the  world  has  behaved 
as  far  back  as  history  can  go,  and  the  past  warrants 
a  brilliant  future.  To  hold  the  helm  of  the  ship  of 
government,  God  gave  us  men  with  great  hearts, 
strong  minds,  true  faith,  high  character  and  utmost 
abilities. 

If  we  'take  a  survey  of  mankind  in  ancient  and 
modern  times,  as1  regards  the  physical,  mechanical  and 
intellectual  force  of  nations,  we  find  nothing  to  com- 
pare with  the  United  States.  It  is  not  strange  that 
this  amazing  energy,  applied  to  resources  which  are 
perhaps  unequal'ed,  has  made  us  the  richest  nation  in 


—    IO   — 

the  world.     Still  to-day  the  creation  of  wealth  goes  at 
a  much  greater  rate  than  ever  before. 

Americans  are  an  exceptionally  inventive  people. 
Yankee  ingenuity  aind  skill  are  proverbial.  Scientific 
discoveries  are  apt  to  find  their  earliest  practical  appli- 
cation in  their  country.  We  have  the  best  tools,  with 
the  most  scientific  and  ingenious  machinery,  with  the 
most  alert  and  intelligent  workmen,  it  becomes  pos- 
sible for  us  to  pay  higher  wages  and  yet  enjoy  the 
advantage  of  the  lower  labor  cost.  Our  trade,  like 
our  manufactures  and  politics  have  already  assumed 
worlld's  proportions. 

Europeans  have  been  accustomed  to  think  of  the 
United  States  as  the  world's  great  granary ;  to  be 
aroused  to  >the  fact  that  it  has  become  also  the  world's 
great  workshop  administers  a  hard  shock  to  our  pow- 
erful competitors  across  the  ocean. 

It  is  a  remarkable  fact  that  all  the  fundamental 
elements  of  superiority  in  industrial  production  are  all 
in  our  favor.  It  is  probable,  therefore,  that  our  manu- 
facturing supremacy  is  to  be  permanent,  These  con- 
ditions are :  the  coal  and  coal  oil,  which  are  concrete 
power  of  first  magnitude  in  'this  industrial  age,  are 
cheaper  here  than  anywhere  else  and  their  supply  prac- 
tically inexhaustible ;  the  iron,  which  is  the  comple- 
ment of  coal,  exists  in  deposits  in  almost  all  the  States, 
in  quality  and  quamtity  equal  to  any  deposits  in  the 
world.  Now  we  are  raising  more  coal  and  produce 
more  iron  and  steel  than  any  other  country  in  the 
world,  more  than  England  herself.  The  extensive  use 
of  machinery  which  lower  labor  cost;  the  great  skill  of 


—  II  — 

our  mechanics  and  alertness  and  intelligence  of  our 
workingmen,  though  getting  high  wages,  more  than 
compensate  the  cheap  and  unskilled  labor  of  foreigners. 
Cheap  raw  and  great  variety  of  materials  and  easy 
access  to  markets.  The  effective  and  extensive  organ- 
ization of  business  for  economizing  all  productive  and 
distributive  forces.  The  modern  system  of  large-scale 
manufacturing.  Olur  statesmen,  our  financiers,  our 
industrials,  our  commercants  and  our  inventors  are 
keen  and  intelligent,  audacious  and  energetic  ;  they  par- 
ticipate to  the  giant  size  of  the  country.  With  our 
natural  advantages  fully  realized  what  is  to  prevent 
'the  United  States  from  becoming  the  mighty  work- 
shop of  the  world  and  to  remain  so. 

Many  other  causes  'co-operate  to  produce  the  most 
forceful  and  tremendous  energy  of  the  world.  After 
conquering  the  home  market  we  invaded  successfully 
the  open  markets  of  the  world ;  now  we  are  competing 
with  remarkable  success  the  own  highly  protected 
home  markets  of  the  great  manufacturing  people  of 
Europe  where  the  sharpest  'competition  exists.  The 
real  struggle,  we  know  well,  is  in  old  European  mar- 
kets because  there  are  the  greatest  and  richest  agglom- 
erations of  people  on<  earth,  the  best  and  ready  cus- 
tomers with  plenty  of  money.  The  South  American- 
markets  come  next  in  importance.  The  Asiatic  and 
African  markets  are  considered  as  reserve  markets  as 
they  are  almost  completely  undeveloped  on  the  com- 
mercial and  industrial  lines. 

From  high  success  in  industrial  and  commercial 
fields  to  success  in  financial)  field  there  is  only  one 


—    12  — 

.step.  Ere  long  the  United  States  are  to  become  the 
greatest!  money  market  of  the  world.  Our  financiers 
-and  bankers1  rival  for  spirit  of  enterprise  our  manufac- 
turers and  traders. 

Last  year  the  excess1  of  our  exports  over  imports 
was  far  from  over  half  billion  dollars,  and  we  are  now 
rapidly  extending  in  the  markets  of  the  world.  This 
excess  of  exports  is  a  matter  of  congratulation,  because 
not  only  it  furnishes  the  undeniable  evidence  of  indus- 
trial strength  and  prosperity  of  the  country,  but,  too, 
Because  it  furnishes  the  means  for  keeping  the 
country  welili  supplied  with  the  gold  needed  as  a  part 
.and  basis  of  our  currency  and  a  ready  means  of  settl- 
ing our  indebtedness  abroad. 

We  have  labored  hard  to  attain  tlhat  aim;  it  is 
natural  atnd  reasonable  that  our  success  be  generously 
recognized  by  our  competitors.  We  have  been  and  we 
aire  still  a  good  customer  for  the  European  people. 

While  our  manufactures  are  growing,  our  'markets 
are  to  be  greatly  extended.  To;  remediate  the  pre- 
cariousness  of  t'he  foreign  markets  subject  to  be  closed 
to  our  manufactures  at  any  time  by  hostile  legislation 
-and  prohibitive  tariff,  we  must  strive  to  expand  our 
spheres  of  interest  and  to  instilil!  into  our  people  the 
necessity  to  become  a  great  sea  power.  It  is  wise  to 
•do  things  to  keep  the  general  business  good  and  give 
employment  to  all  our  workingmen  with  fair  wages. 
Our  ever-increasimg  production  will  render  an  ever- 
increasing  foreign  market  necessary  to  our  social 
faealt'h.  Expansion  is  a  natural  law;  it  is  impossible 


—  13  — 

for  us  to  stand  still,  a  nation  must  go  forward  or  back- 
ward. 

Tht  multiplication  of  machinery  has  wonderfully 
multiplied  the  -number  and  improved  the  quality  of  the 
comforts.  The  bright  star  of  progress  brings  its 
problems,  which  must  find  their  solution  in  more  pro- 
gress. The  older  nations  have  aroused  themselves  for 
the  international  race  for  'tlie  markets  of  the  world. 
This  is  a  commercial  age ;  those  who  do  not  participate 
in  its  spirit  are  pushed  aside  to  be  subjugated  and  to 
die  in  wiamt  and  poverty. 

Abundant  reasons  exist  for  believing  that,  in  spite 
of  many  a  hard  fight  to  put  up,  we  will  ultimatefly  win 
the  leadership  of  the  world  and  the  first  place  among 
the  nations.  There  are  more  opportunities  now  than 
ever  for  us.  To  reach  surely  the  goal  let  us  never 
forget,  of  one  of  the  most  energetic  and  -successful; 
Roman,  the  favorite  saying:  "Laboremus". 


CHAPTER  II. 


GREATER   UNITED   STATES 
of  North  America. 


Right  doing  must  always  be  preceded  by  right 
thinking,  for  to  think  right  is  the  main  road  to  success 
in  the  life  of  a  -man  as  well  as  that  of  ,a  nation.  In  this 
age  of  keen  rivalry  among  powerful!  nations  for  mas- 
tery of  the  world's  markets,  the  doctrine  of  evolution 
and  the  ru'le  of  the  survival  of  the  fittest  are  as  inex- 
orable in  their  operation  as  they  are  positive  in  the 
results  they  bring  about.  The  place  won  by  an  indus- 
trial people  can  only  be  held  by  unrelaxed  endeavor 
and  constant  advance  in  achievement.  The  present 
extraordinary  extension  in  every  line  of  American  ex- 
portations  and  the  unparalleled  increase,  of  our  national 
weal'fh  is  to  be  attributed  to  the  large  material  endow- 
ments of  nature,  to  the  constitutional  vigor  and  intelli- 
gence of  the  people,  with  a  natural  talent  for  invention 
and  construction,  with  political  freedom  and  without 
social  caste  control,  with  a  good  system  of  education 
and  training  of  mind  and  of  hand,  with  general  oppor- 
tunity free  to  aill,  with  undaunted  energy  to  promote 
their  own  rapid  elevation  over  all  the  civilized  world. 

The  general  tendency  of  modern  times  is  to  con- 


___     T  r     ___ 

solidate  and  'to  combine.  It  is  an  era  of  successful 
federation,  combination  and  consolidation  as  never 
seen  in  past  centuries.  Political  and  civil  bodies  as 
well  as  industrial,  commercial!  and  financial  concerns 
are  grouping  into  large  confederations  and  big  corpora- 
tions. The  economic  advantages  asre  so  great  that  the 
consolidation  has  become  an  established  factor  in  the 
life  of  naitions,  and  will,  on  all  probabilities,  extend 
farther  in  spite  of  all  obstacles  accumulated  or  thrown 
on  its  way.  Expansion,  whether  for  nations,  associa- 
tions or  individuals  is  a  normal  state. 

New  conditions  bring  new  responsibilities,  new 
possibilities  and  new  necessities.  The  changes  -that 
have  taken  place  in  the  last  years  are  now  seen  to  shape 
the  future  of  the  nation.  Ethical,  political,  military, 
commercial  and  economic  reasons  will  combine  to 
compel  the  United  States  to  concern  itself  with  the 
neighboring  States.  The  forces  of  nature  are  all  work- 
ing in  the  direction  of  unity  and  homogeneity ;  and 
though  the  ultimate  object  may  be  postponed,  in  'the 
end  nature  will  have  her  way.  The  time  is  most  favor- 
able ;  our  foreign  relations  are  amicable ;  our  unex- 
ampled prosperity  and  happiness  are  a  goad  entice- 
ment ;  OUT  finances  are  well-ordered  and  satisfactory ; 
the  industry  and  commerce  are  flourishing  in  the  in- 
terior and  'extending  over  the  oceans;  we  -can  turn  our 
eyes  outside  for  peaceful  and  secure  development  and 
tranquilly  determine  our  policy  upon  the  questions 
that  interest  us  and  inquire  seriously  whether  we 
ought  not  to  advance  farther  the  policy  of  peaceful 
commercial  and  political  expansion.  It  is  the  duty  of 


—  16  — 

the  statesman  to  anticipate  the  future.     We  have  to 
sow  before  we  can  reap  any  benefit. 

One  circumstance  that  strikes  all  who  visit  Mexi- 
co and  the  Central  American  Republics  is  the  steady 
growth  of  social,  commercial,  industrial  and  financial 
relations  between  the  people  laying  to  the  North  and 
South  of  an  imaginary  boundary  line.  Men  cross  over 
to  the  adjoining  States  in  search  of  employment,  fields 
of  investment,  and  homes.  There  are  in  business  thous- 
ands of  mercantillle,  industrial,  agricultural  citizens  of 
the  United  States  with  their  roots  in  the  soil,  inter- 
marrying and  giving  iin  intermarriage  all  year  round. 
What  more  natural  that  'they  should  draw  closer  rela- 
tions. Our  concern  is  not  for  territory  or  empire,  but 
for  the  people  whose  interests  and  destiny  are  similar 
to  ours.  That  the  inhabitants  of  these  Republics  will 
be  benefitted  by  the  association  is  my  strong  belief,, 
and  we  will  aid  in  every  possible  way  to  benefit  these 
people.  In  all  the  Central  American  Republics  most 
of  the  political  men,  business  men,  traders,  real  estate 
owners,  lawyers  and  others  strongly  express  their  con- 
viction that  closer  association  with  the  United  States 
will  enormously  benefit  their  countries. 

Said  President  McKinley,  in  a  message  to  Con- 
gress :  "It  is  sometimes  hard  to  determine  what  is  best 
to  do,  aind  the  best  thing  to  do  is  oftentimes  the  hard- 
est.  The  prophet  of  evil  would  do  nothing  because  he 
flinches  at  sacrifice  and  effort,  and  to  do  nothing  is 
easiest  and  involves  the  least  cost.  On  those  who  have 
things  to  do  there  rests  a  responsibility  which  is  not 
om  those  who  have  no  obligations  as  doers.  If  the 


doubters  were  in  majority  there  would,  it  is  true,  be 
no  labor,  no  sacrifice,  no  anxiety,  and  no  burden,  raised 
or  carried,  no  contribution  from  our  ease  and  purse  and 
comfort  to  the  welfare  of  others,  or  even  to  the  exten- 
sion of  our  resources.  There  would  be  ease,  but, 
also,  there  would  be  nothing  done." 

By  association  with  our  Southern  neighbors :  the 
Republics  of  Mexico,  of  Guatemala*,  of  Honduras,  of 
Salvador,  of  Nicaragua  and  of  Costa  Rica,  under  the 
name  of  "Greater  United  States  of  America,"  we  may 
hope  to  be  in  position  to  possess,  withjn  ourselves,  the 
largest  'market  in  the  world  coupled  with  the  cheapest 
and  most  efficient  Government  on  earth. 

Considering  the  narrow  limits  fixed  for  this  work, 
the  probable  terms  and  conditions  necessary  for  such 
consolidation  cannot  be  given  herein. 

This  is  not  an  Utopian  dream  as  the  next  centuries 
will!  prove.  Good-will,  energy,  ability  and  persever- 
ance will  make  it  a  reality.  Although  there  is  almost 
no  consciousness  of  -the  new  nationality,  yet  there  is  a 
latent  aspiration  in  our  neighboring  people,  to  join 
their  commercial  and  political  existence  with  us,  that 
need  only  to  be  developed  and  called  upon  to  receive 
popular  answer:  "Vox  populi,  vox  Dei";  in  every 
case  'the  people  will  be  consulted  by  referendum.  It 
must  come  from  a  cordial  assent.  If  the  question  once 
thoroughly  developed  is  fairly  put  before  the  people  of 
those  Republics,  who  live  by  honest  industry,  by  hon- 
est trade,  by  honest  agriculture,  by  hones't  means, 
they  will  take  'the  same  view  and  rejoice  at  it.  It  is 


-  i8  — 

all  gain  for  them.  The  unbounded  prosperity  we  en- 
joy will  be  shared  by  them. 

Further,  girded,  but  from  the  far  North,  by  a 
mighty  sea-wall  we  siliall  be  exempt  from  the  necessity 
of  keeping  great  standing  armies,  thus  saving  us  for 
centuries  to  come  from  the  vaimpire  of  militarism  which 
curses  alii  the  great  European  Powers.  A  force  suffi- 
cient for  police  dirty  is  all  that  the  Greater  United 
States  will  require. 

The  po'licy  is  not  la  bold  one,  but  within  our  reach 
as  well  as  to  the  reach  of  our  intended  associated 
States;  and  whenever  the  citizen  of  Mexico  and  Cen- 
tral America  will  join  us  by  commercial  and  political 
bonds  we  will  welcome  them.  Then  the  mighty  citi- 
zen of  the  Consolidated  North  America,  greater  than 
was  the  Roman  citizen  in  'the  past  centuries,  wi'M  out- 
rank any  potentate  on  earth  and  commands,  from  any 
people,  more  respect  than  a  King. 


'     THE  INTEROCEANIC  CANAL. 


A  waterway  across  the  isthmus  between  the  con- 
tinents of  North  and  South  America  connecting  the 
Atlantic  and  Pacific  oceans  has  been  the  dream  of  com- 
merce for  three  centuries,  The  commercial  and  poli- 
tical importance  of  such  waterway  for  the  United 
States  cannot  be  underrated.  That  isthmian  canal  will 
give  more  advantages  to  United  States  than  Suez  did 
for  England.  It  will  create  an<  immense  amount  of 


—  I9  — 

new  commerce  and  the  United  States  will  command 
the  greater  part  of  it.  The  large  agricultural  and 
manufacturing  interests  will  find  in  it  a  most  wonder- 
ful stimulus.  It  will  give  ia  strong  impetus  to  the 
bui'lding  up  of  our  merchant  marine  and  -develop  the 
sea  power  of  the  Union.  In  uniting  our  coast  lines 
and  in  bringing  the  most  remote  portion  of  our  terri- 
tory into  much  closer  relations  it  will  make  the  United 
States  still  more  united  and  will  enhance  the  'advan- 
tages we  possess  to  build  up  the  richest  and  most 
powerful  najtion  in  the  world. 

Early  England  recognized  the  importance  and 
attempted  to  control  the  interoceanic  communication 
by  way  of  Lake  Nicaragua.  One  century  ago  Von 
Humboldt,  who*  explored  Central  America,  reported: 
"It  is  absolutely  indispensable  for  the  United  States 
to  effect  a  passage  from  the  Mexican  Gulf  to  the 
Pacific  ocean,  and  I  am  certain  they  will  do  it."  Some 
years  Hater  the  United  States  Congress  decreed  the 
cutting  of  an  interoceanic  canal  through  Nicaragua, 
and  a  prealable  examination  of  the  route  was  ordered. 

The  British  Government  claimed  the  control  of 
the  proposed  waterway  by  Nicaragua,  which  claim 
was  strenuously  opposed  by  our  Government.  Com- 
plications intervened  and  led  to  the  famous  Clayton- 
Bulwer  treaty.  This  treaty  was  concluded  under  the 
impression  that  Great  Britain  would  abandon  her  ter- 
ritorial encroachments  upon  America,  but  experience 
demonstrated  that  Great  Britain  had  given  up  practi- 
calfy  nothing  in  the  dealing,  and  that  only  the  evoca- 
tion of  might  could  induce  her  to  respect  any  agree- 
&  t-  j  & 


—   20  — 

ment.  This  treaty  raised  a,  storm  of  disapprobation  in 
the  United  States  and  was  recently  abrogated  in  its 
main  part  so  that  he  carnal  should  be,  if  constructed, 
under  absolute  American  control. 

Many  surveys  and  estimates  for  the  proposed 
waterway  by  Lake  Nicaragua  were  made,  either  by 
private  Companies  or  ordered  by  our  Government. 
One  Maritime  Canal  Company  was  even  organized  few 
years  ago  with  a  large  capital,  but  the  Congress,  upon 
•demand,  refused  to  guarantee  the  bonds  arid  securities 
of  the  Company  and  it  fell.  Since  then  practically 
nothing  was  done  though  some  United  States  Com- 
missions appointed  for  the  purpose  to  examine  most 
carefully  the  Nicaragua  route  have  repeatedly  reported 
favorably  on  the  whole  question.  It  is  likely  that  the 
Nicaragua  waterway  is  not  to  be  built  ere  long,  unless 
we  cannot  obtain  control  of  the  Panama  canal,  well 
known  to  the  Readers. 

The  patent  defects  o<f  the  Nicaragua  in'teroceanic 
canal  are  that  it  can  never  be  made  sea  level ;  it  is  very 
long,  therefore,  take  much  time  to  pass  -across  'the 
isthmus ;  the  traffic  is  limited  ;  the  locks,  in  case  of  war, 
may  easily  be  destroyed  putting  'the  canal  out  of  order 
when  sorely  needed ;  further,  it  is  somewhat  in  the 
sphere  of  influence  of  earthquakes.  However,  the 
principal  objection  is  the  demonstrated  feasibility  of 
the  Panama  canal  in  the  Darien  isthmus  belonging  to 
Colombia.  That  waterway,  over  two-third  shorter 
than  the  Nicaragua,  is  half  finished,  and  can  be  made 
sea  level.  Its  construction  involves  gigantic  engineer- 
ing problems,  but  they  are  all  known  and  'minutiously 


—  21   — 

calculated.  The  completion'  of  the  Panama  route 
would  render  competition  impossible  for  the  Nicaragua 
canal,  therefore,  annihilate  the  usefulness  of  this  water- 
way and  make  its  enormous  cost  a-  dead  loss  for  the 
United  States. 

Negociations  be'tween  the  Colombian  Republic 
and  our  Government  are  still  in  course  for  the  control 
and  completion'  of  the  Panama  canal  by  us. 


PERILS  AND  REMEDIES. 


The  certain'ty  that  an  isthmian  canal  is  to  be 
opened  up  in  a  few  years  give  a  high  commercial  and 
strategic  values  to  the  Catrribean  coasts  that  is  thor- 
oughly understood  by  our  powerful  competitors 
across 'the  water,  especially  England.  A  characteristic 
attempt  was  made  by  her,  under  President  Cleveland, 
to  grab  Venezuelan  territory,  but  was  frustrated  by 
the  energetic  attitude  of  our  Government  in  the  en- 
forcement of  the  Monroe  doctrine. 

Great  Britain  alone  cannot  move  and  hurt  us 
much,  but  quite  the  contrary ;  without  her  support  no 
European  Power  would  dare  to  provoke  us  since  the 
swift  llesson  of  the  last  war.  However,  recently  under 
color  to  collect  few  debts,  she  skillfully  brought  Ger- 
many and  Italy  behind  her  to  share  in  the  expected 
Venezuelian  spoils  and  at  same  time-puts  a  red-iron  test 
to  the  Monroe  doctrine.  The  ruthless  destruction  of 


—   22   — 

the  small  Venezuelian  Navy  and  the  bombardment  of 
the  Venezuela  coasts'  forts,  without  provocation, 
taught  us  some  of  the  harsh  ways  of  the  European 
Powers  in  •dealing  with  a  weak  nation.  It  is  not  by 
destroying  the  assets  of  an  already  poor  people  that 
they  will  facilitate  the  payment  of  his  debts,  quite  the 
contrary. 

Whatever  may  be  the  outcome  of  the  Venezuelian 
affair  not  yet  closed,  though  the  maitters  have  been 
referred  to  the  good  office  of  the  International  Arbitra- 
tion of  >the  Hague  Tribunal  on  the  strong  recom- 
mendation "fcf  our  Government,  we  shall  have  to  be 
constantly  on  watch  and  stand  ready  to  prevent  any 
infringement  upon  'the  Monroe  doctrine,  which  is  a 
doctrine  of  peace  and  a  doctrine  of  self-defense.  The 
Monroe  doctrine  is  not  aggressive  toward  any  power; 
his  principle  is  that  America  must  not  be  trea'ted  as  ai 
subject  for  political!  colonization  by  any  European 
Power. 

Said,  President  McKinley :  "Grave  problems  come 
in  the  life  of  a  nation.  The  generation  upon  which 
they  are  forced  cannot  avoid  the  (responsibility  of 
striving  for  their  solution.  It  'is  sometimes  hard  'to 
determine  what  to  do  to  solve  them,  but  we  can  make 
an  honest  and  energe'tic  effort  to  that  end,  and  if  made 
in  conscience,  justice  and  honor,  it  will  not  be  in  vain." 

Let  us  be  heedful  never  to  attribute  to  the  British 
a  conciliatory  thought  they  have  not  and  that  they  can- 
not have.  By  the  force  of  the  British  tradition  itself 
they  will  be  led  to  oppose  us  and  brew  trouble  for  us 
everywhere.  England  never  gives  up  to  the  simple 


evotcation  of  treaties  but  only  that  of  might.  We  are 
already  powerful  enough  to  make  our  just  observations 
and  reclamations  heard  by  European  Powers.  A  new 
war,  if  inevitable,  will  not  weaken,  nor  injure  us  much, 
but  to  the  contrary,  it  will  strengthen  our  prominent 
position  among  the  nations  and  make  us  more  ambi- 
tious and  enterprising. 

Since  the  Revolution  war,  England  showed  us  char- 
acteristic hostility.  A  second  war  undertaken  to  subdue 
us  again  failed  miserably.  In  the  Civil  war,  President 
Lincoln's  masterful  abilities  and  Secretary  Seward's 
shrewdness  barely  kept  her  ou't  of  an  open  declaration 
of  war.  After  ChanceMorville,  Gladstone  himse'l'f 
talked  with  intense  satisfaction  of  the  probable  break- 
up of  the  Union.  The  published  correspondence  of  'that 
period  shows  plainly  that  England  had  skillfully  united 
almost  the  whole  of  Europe  agaiinst  us ;  so  it  was-  in 
the  Spanish  war,  but  failed,  as  la'ter  demonstrated  by 
some  curious  and  instructive  published  revelation's,  in 
which  the  late  British  Embassador,  the  Hon.  Paunce- 
fote,  himself,  was  mixed.  The  splendid  ana  decisive 
victory  of  Dewey  a>t  Manila  opened,  but  for  a  few  days, 
the  eyes  of  the  British  on  the  dangerous  path  they  are 
trodding  .against  us.  It  is  England's  highest  advan- 
tage to  remain  on  thorough  friendly  terms  with  us. 

We  cannot,  under  any  pretense  whatever, allow  the 
building  of  any  Gibraltar  by  the  European  Powers  in 
the  Carribean  sea.  The  seizure  and  occupation  of 
American  soil  for  military  purpose,  in  violation  of  the 
Monroe  doctrine,  will  be  opposed  by  force,  because 
such  occupation  would  entail  on  us  loss  of  prestige, 


—  24  — 

weaken  our  position-  in  the  world,  and  lower  us  down 
in  the  rank  of  nations.  We  do  not  lose  view  that  the 
machiavellic  principles  have  s'till  great  many  disciples 
among  the  statesmen  of  across  the  ocean,  as  strongly 
demonstrated  by  the  history  of  the  last  half  cemtury. 
The  world  knows  that  the  last  Boer  war  is  only  the 
co'mp'lemen't  of  the  Jameson  raid. 

Whenever  any  hard  case  for  us  is  to  come  up,  by 
Canada  and  the  West  Indies,  we  hold  England  by  the 
leg;  they  are  our  guaranty  of  her  fair  dealings  with  us 
and  of  our  security.  Any  strong  hostile  move  against 
us  followed  by  war,  maybe  a  protracted  war,  means 
the  break  up  of  her  Empire,  and  on  all  probabilities  her 
irremediable  downfall.  Necessity  knows  no  laws. 
New  conditions  have  to  be  met  with  new  means.  To 
balance  the  weight  of  her  recruited  help  we  have  only 
to  stretch  out  the  hand  to  have  powerful  allies  at  any 
time  glad  to  help  us  to  curb  the  haughtiness  of  Eng- 
land and  'Stamen  her  insatiable  thirst  of  grabbing  every- 
thing everywhere  under  any  pretense.  I  know  'that 
such  a  compact,  in  case  of  necessity,  looks'  an  easy  mat- 
ter and  would  be  drawn  quickly 

Go  from  East  to  West,  from  South  to  North, 
-travel  in  any  part  of  the  United  States,  there  you  will 
see  what  kind  of  men  are  the  American  citizens,  sons 
of  pioneers  and  pioneers  themselves.  Their  general 
standard  is  unquestionably  superior  to  the  general 
standard  of  Europeans.  Most  peaceful  in  the  pursuits 
of  their  ideals,  once  bent  on  strife  nothing  but  the  ulti- 
mate victory  will-  stop  them.  Any  trouble  shall  be 
faced  squarely.  Forbearance  is  not  cowardice.  We 


—  25  — 

incontestably  prefer  peaceful  pursuits  to  war,  but 
when  perils  stare  us  in  the  face  w>e  shall  not  flinch; 
then,  we  shall  say  again  ihe  words  that  one  of  the 
"bravest  of  the  American  sailors — Farragut — uttered  in 
face  of  seemingly  insurmountable  obstacles:  "Damn 
the  torpedoes,  go  ahead" ;  and  so  he  did. 

It  is  England's  hiighesit  interest  and  that  of  her 
followers  to  leave  "America1  for  Americans,"  and  the 
blissful  peace  and  good  understanding  will  'last  forever. 
Si  vis  pacem,  para  bellum. 

As  long  as  the  world  -is  divided  into  nations  and 
races  and  the  differences  between  nations  and  races  do 
not  disappear,  everlasting  peace  between  these  nations 
and  races  is  impossible.  Competition  means  struggle 
for  existence,  which  has  been  and  is  yet  necessary  to 
the  evolution  of  the  higher  forms  of  life.  Therefore 
we  shaW  have  wars  for  many  centuries  to  come,  and  we 
must  be  ready  to  defend  ourselves  with  all  means  in- 
cur power.  The  mighty  battles  for  the  supremacy  of 
the  world's  markets  are  not  all  fought  in  time  of  peace. 
The  commercial  and  political  prominence  among  na- 
tions cannot  and  never  will  belong  to  the  weak  or  ne- 
glectful nations. 

The  world's  tendency  is  at  present  from  the  sea. 
The  supremacy  of  the  world's  markets  is  the  inevitable 
corollary  of  the  supremacy  of  the  ocean  or  "sea  power" 
according  to  the  strong  expression  of  captain  Mahan, 
the  most  distinguished  contemporary  writer  in  the 
world  on  maritime  affairs  and  history.  The  importance 
of  sea  power  is  now  fully  recognized.  I  quote  from 
"Expansion,"  by  J.  Strong:  "Whosoever  commands 


—   26   — 

the  sea  commands  the  trade ;  and  whosoever  commands 
the  trade  commands  the  riches  of  the  world,  and  conse- 
quently the  world  itself."  Necessity  for  naval  effec- 
tiveness is  increased ;  naval  effectiveness  needs  skilled 
seamanship  backed  by  a  maritim,  national  spirit  and  a 
powerful,  well-manned  merchant  marine,  supported  by 
a  first-class  efficient  navy. 

The  spirit  of  the  Monarchy  is  war  and  agrandize- 
ment ;  the  spirit  of  the  Republic  is  peace  and  modera- 
tion;  yet,  said  the  ancient  Masters  of  the  world:  "Si 
vis  pacem,  para  bellum." 


RIOTS,  REVOLTS,  REVOLUTIONS. 


In  a  giant  industrial  country  like  ours,  with  in- 
numerable shops,  mills  and  factories,  with  millions  of 
wage-earners,  periods  of  depression  are  'likely  to  occur 
from  time  to  time.  Economic  laws  are  as  compulsory 
as  natural  laws. 

With  the  unprecedented  inflow  of  foreigners,  the 
extensive  use  of  labor-saving  machinery  and  progress 
of  inventions,  our  markets  must  continue  to  expand  or 
men  will  be  thrown  out  of  employment  as  never  be- 
fore. It  is  by  no  means  reassuring  'to  reflect  that  so 
large  and  almost  unrestricted  immigration  of  hetero- 
genous  populations  is  pouring  in  the  United  States. 
The  proportion  of  foreigners  becomes  greater  and 
greater  so  as  to  impede  the  rapid  americanization  of  it. 


—  27  — 

It  is  a  serious  menace  to  our  'Civilization.  It  goes 
without  saying  that  the  dangerous  classes  are  mosely 
recruited  in  it  and  these  classes  are  swelling  more  ra- 
pidly than  hitherto.  Our  unparalleled  prosperity  of 
these  last  years  and  the  cheapness  and  facilities  of 
travel  have  attracted  immigrants  -as  never  before.  The 
wonder  is  how  such  a  formidable  army  of  invasion  is 
swallowed  up  without  social  convulsion  of  any  sort. 

The  spring  of  1894  witnessed  a  spectacle  that  we 
have  abundant  reasons  to  see  repeated  again,  with  in- 
creased violence  and  greatly  increased  destruction  in 
the  future,  if  we  pay  no  attention  to  the  lessons  of  the 
past.  It  was  the  military-like  organization  of  large 
bodies  of  idle  men  at  various  points  in  the  country  for 
a  march  to  Washington  to  make  a  demand,  on  the 
Federal  Government,  for  work.  About  three  millions 
of  men  were  without  work.  The  march  was  then  con- 
sidered a  good  joke,  exactly  as  were  the  Anarchists 
before  the  shooting  of  President  McKinley.  But  as 
the  regimental  bodies,  gathered  at  given  points,  took 
up  the  march  on  the  Nation's  capital,  getting  their  liv- 
ing at  the  expense  of  the  States  they  were  traversing, 
the  movement  was  regarded  more  seriously.  The 
great  industrial  army,  as  it  was  then  called,  made  large 
recruits  on  his  march  to  Washington  "  and  at  last 
massed  his  forces  into  a  gigantic  demonstration  in  the 
streets  of  the  capital  where  they  delivered  firebrand 
speeches  and  'threats  of  bloody  revolution.  They  were 
boarded  gratis  and  extorted  from  the  Federal  Authori- 
ties the  promise  that  everything  possible  would  be  done 
for  them,  and  then  they  marched  away. 


—  28  — 

An  extra  session  of  the  Congress  was  called,  not  to 
.give  them  work,  but  to  lower  again  the  tariff  already 
so  low  that  the  manufacturing  industries  in  the  Union 
could  not  compete  successfully  in  their  home  market 
against  foreign  products.  This  gave  rais^e  to  some 
more  demonstrations  and  a  profound  depression  pre- 
vailed all  over  the  country  when  McKinley  was  elected. 
How  by  good  and  clear-sighted  legislation  he  set  in 
motion  a  prodigious  wave  of  prosperity  and  made  the 
United  States  the  foremost  commercial  and  manu- 
facturing nation  of  the  world  and  the  richest  of  them 
all,  is  yet  present  to  the  mind  of  all  American  citizens. 

The  Chicago  Haymarket's  carnage  and  the  riots 
that  occurred  in  some  States  at  the  same  epoch  should 
open  our  eyes  on  the  ills  that  follow  a  long  period  of 
industrial  and  commercial  paralysis. 

Unrestricted  competition  always  leads  to  overpro- 
duction. It  has  now  become  possible  by  means  of 
laborsaving  machinery  and  inventions  to  produce  more 
of  the  necessaries  and  of  the  comforts  of  life  than  we 
can  consume.  Increasing  production  is  by  no  means 
an  unmixed  good.  When  markets  become  thoroughly 
glutted  prices  and  wages  fall,  and  thousands  upon 
thousands  of  workmen  are  thrown  out  of  employment. 
Thus  a  superabundance  may  cause  under-consump- 
tion,  because  men  cannot  buy  unless  'they  have  some- 
thing to  buy  with ;  and  wage-earners  out  of  employ- 
ment face  starvation  in  the  midst  of  plenty.  A  man  is 
not  poor  because  he  possesses  no  property,  but  be- 
cause he  is  not  working,  because  he  has  no  work  to  do. 
The  economic  results  of  a  commercial  and  industrial 


—   29  — 

paralysis  would  undoubtedly  be  attended  by  social  an'd 
policital  disturbances  of  the  gravest  character.  There 
is  a  strong  disposition  among  men,  especially  among 
wage-earners  to  'charge  most  of  the  ills  of  their  lot  to 
bad  government  and  to  seek  political  remedy  for  these 
ills.  Men  who  are  long  idle,  whether  tha'b  idleness  is 
voluntary  or  enforced,  usually  degenerate  morally ;  and 
if  want  is  added  to  idleness  disastrous  results  are  sure 
to  follow;  the  army  of  unemployed  and  discontented 
can  become  a  revolutionary  army.  Hunger  obeys  no 
laws.  Enforced  idleness  and  hunger  always  bred 
Huns  and  Vandales,  even  in  a  land  of  plenty.  If  at 
this  point  some  ambitious,  venturesome  and  energetic 
leader  comes  and  -says  to  the  famished  workmen :  "You 
are  hungry,  here  is  food;  you  are  poor,  it'here  are 
riches;  you  are  the  number,  consequently  you  are  the 
law,  take  what  you  need";  then. will  follow  scenes  of 
plunder,  of  murder  and  incendiarism.  If  that  leader 
possess  a  broad  intelligence  and  succeed  in  marshaling 
military-like  those  hungry  and  malcontent  workmen, 
revolution  or  civil  war,  which  cause  incalculable  des- 
truction and  disaster,  may  result  from  the  long  closing 
of  the  shops,  mills  and  factories.  The  possibilities  of 
such  disturbances  are  plainly  demonstrated  by  the  his- 
tory of  all  the  nations  on  earth. 

We  have  to  look  to  future  troubles,  against  which 
we  must  provide  with  the  utmost  prudence ;  for  it  is  by 
foreseeing  difficulties  from  afar  that  they  are  easily 
provided  against.  We  must  strive  to  avert  fohem  in 
time  and  never  permit  their  growth  merely  for  the 
sake  of  avoiding  expenses  and  troubles.  Defer  the 


—  30  — 

solution  of  a  social  problem  when  such  solution  is 
needed  is  not  an  advantage,  for  time  drives  all  things 
before  it  and  may  lead  more  to  evil  than  good.  To  re- 
cognize promptly  evils  as  they  arise  and  apply  the 
proper  remedy  is  one  of  the  rarest  gifts  of  'the  highest 
statesmanship. 

In  depicting  the  United  States,  all  the  foreign 
economists  predic't  dark  fate  for  the  American  Repub- 
lic and  generally  our  own  economists  emphasize  the 
dangers  spoken  of  by  the  foreign  writers.  The  rav- 
ings of  their  pessimism  and  misanthropism  cannot 
stand  and  resist  against  the  scientific  methods  of  appli- 
cation of  the  laws  underlying  the  complex  evolution  of 
a  giant  nation,  like  ours,  toward  a<  brilliant  future. 
Whatever  may  be  said  of  the  good  or  evil  disposition 
of  some  people,  or  of  some  religious  or  political  party 
is  of  little  consequence  if  the  Government)  is  well  pre- 
pared to  assert  and  maintain  his  authority,  should  they 
be  well  disposed,  and  to  defend  itself  if  their  disposi- 
tion be  otherwise.  To  know  people  merely  by  books 
and  newspapers  is  very  deceiving,  especially  concern- 
ing the  American  people.  We  possess  the  most  intel- 
ligent, energetic  and  law-abiding  citizens  of  the  world ; 
we  have  statesmen  of  great  abilities,  of  powerful 
minds  and  high  character.  Each  opportunity  has  been 
seized  at  the  very  nick  of  the  time.  Our  Government 
stands  for  the  best  common  interests  of  the  people. 
In  the  distribution  of  wealth,  all  men  are  entitled  to  an 
equitable  share  according  to  his  ability,  industry  and 
economy.  The  actual  methods  which  sanction  and  en- 
force the  distribution  of  wealth  are  the  best  we  know 


for  'the  general  welfare.  The  wisdom  of  the  methods 
of  government  is  demonstrated  by  the  general  tran- 
quillity and  prosperity  of  the  country. 

No  nation  on  e'arth  is  so  generous  and  so  liberal 
toward  her  servant's  and  workers  in  general  than  the 
American  people ;  that  is  conclusively  prove-d  by  in- 
numerable benevolent  institutions.  The  pension  sys- 
tem for  disabled  workmen  and  old  age  is  a  feature 
called  to  become  very  extensive  with  the  large  organ- 
izations, whether  public  or  private. 

A  good  step,  designed  to  be  extended,  has  been 
made  when  the  municipalities'  or  charitable  private 
organizations  in  the  'large  cities  in  industrial  centers 
have  organized  temporary  relief  works  or  public  kit- 
chens, to  tide  over  'the  destitute  wage-earners  out  of 
work  during  hard  times',  whether  in  the  winter  season 
or  following  industrial  depression.  The  Romans,  the 
wisest  people  on  earth,  past  and  present,  wi't<h  their 
free  distributions  of  grain  acknowledged  the  necessity 
of  such  relief  so  as  to  lessen  the  sufferings  among  the 
people  and  prevent  his  revolt-.  The  wealthy  nations 
need  benevolent  institutions  because  the  fortune  is 
subject  to  great  many  accidents ;  but  when  -the  evil  is 
momentary  we  then  need  aid  of  the  same  nature  and 
that  is  applicable  to  -t'he  particular  accident. 

The  crop  of  political  evil-doers,  burglars,  mur- 
derers, highwaymen  always  very  large  in  countries 
deprived  of  benevolent  institutions,  particularly  in  the 
bard  winter  season  and  in  'times  of  long  industrial  and 
commercial  depression,  lacks  of  its  main  stimulus  with 

a  good  svstem  of  benevolent  institutions.     It  is  in  hard 

fe    .       * 


times  that  the  apostles  of  murder,  incendiarism  and 
plunder  make  their  numerous  recruits.  Drastit  legis- 
lation never  takes  the  place  of  common  sense  preven- 
tive precautions  for  the  security  of  civil  society. 

Everywhere  in  the  world,  there  are  men  born,  like 
Saturn,  to  destroy  their  fellow-creatures.  When  un- 
restricted liberty  is  granted  them  they  -are  prone  to 
use  it  to  the  utmost; then  we  see  the  growth  of  political 
party,  like  the  Anarchists,  who  are  preaching,  far  and 
wide  with  marvelous  maestria,  ithe  murder  of  the 
earth's  rulers  as  a  sacred  duty,  and  incendiarism  as  a 
holy  rite.  This  low  form  of  Ciceronian  intoxication 
is  likely  to  spread  if  not  treated  as  the  other  similar 
evils.  This  is  a  curious  epoch  where  we  see  the 
apostles  of  murder  and  plunder  go  free  all  over  the 
country  teach  in  >a  plain  way  their  nefarious  doctrine, 
and  the  poor  devils,  who  profess  and  attempt  practical 
experience  of  the  new  religions  or  political  creed  are 
jailed,  hanged  or  shot. 

The  creation  of  a  penail  -colony  in  some  distant 
island  where  all  the  convicts  of  some  ten  years  of  hard 
labor,  old  offenders  and  hardened  criminals  could  be 
sent  would  be  beneficial  to  both  society  and  her  un- 
worthy members.  It  would  reduce  considerably  the 
cost  o-f  keeping  the  convicts;  therefore,  realize  a 
notable  economy  for  the  States,  and  give  the  culprits 
more  chance  to  reform  in  bending  their  energy  toward 
the  development  of  the  natural  resource®  of  the  island. 
Such  penal  colony  would  be  an  immense  improvement 
and  a  strong  step  in  the  direction  of  higher  morality 
and  civilization. 


—  33  — 
SECTARIANISM. 


All  the  civil  organizations  have  very  frequently 
been  in  conflict  with  powerful  religious  organizations. 
Terrible  and  disastrous  wars  have  resulted  from  it. 
At  all  ;tames,  history  teaches  us  these  religious  organ- 
izations, chiefly  when  they  were  monopolizing  a 
country,  have  been  the  most  powerful  support  that 
could  prop  a  tyranny. 

The  aim  of  every  .religious  systems,  whatever  name 
itthey  have  or  take,  is  invariably  the  same, — namely, 
•domination. 

The  Mormon  sect  offers  -a  striking  example  how 
powerful!  can  become  a  small  body  of  men  thoroughly 
organized  and  with  wealth  and  strong  centralization. 
The  designs  of  the  Mormons  are  exactly  the  same  as 
itho'se  of  'any  precedent  or  existing  religious  sect  with 
ambitious  men  at  their  head.  Some  years  ago,  the 
Mormon  bishop  Lunt  gave  a  conclusive  testimony  on 
the  aim  of  their  association;  he  said".  "Zion  is  des- 
tined to  spread  -through  all  the  world.  Our  church 
has  been  organized  only  for  fifty  years,  and  yet  behold 
his  wealth  and  power.  We  look  forward  with  perfect 
confidence  to  the  day  when  we  wiil  hold  the  reins  of 
the  United  States  Government.  That  is  our  present 
temporal  aim ;  after  that  we  expect  to  control  the  con- 
tinent." That/  haughty  boast  brought  forth  their 
undoing. 

Similar  braggardness  carried  ruin  to  the  famous 
and  powerful  organization  of  the  Jesuits  who  boasted 


:        .  ~  34  — 

that :  ''One  day  will  come  when  we  shall  be  the 
masters  of  our  masters."  They  were  subsequently  ex- 
pelled from  all  the  Roman  Catholic  countries:  Austria, 
Brazil,  France,  Italy,  Mexico,  Spain  and  other  States. 

The  superiority  of  the  civil  societies  and  the  char- 
acteristic of  all  religious  organizations  proceed  from 
their  strong  centralization,  from  their  admirably  or- 
ganized hierarchy  and  perfect  training  of  their  offi- 
cials. However,  high  centralization  is  their  main 
spring;  it  has  permitted  many  of  them  to  outlast  the 
best  organized  civil  societies.  High  'centralization 
alone  enabled  the  Romanism  to  fight  and  resist  'success- 
fully for  centuries  his  numerous  and  powerful  foes. 
As  the  Romanism  took  its  hierarchic  system  from  the 
old  decayed  religious  -sects  it  replaced,  so  the  innumer- 
able new  religious  schemes  that  spring  up  almost 
every  month  unodel,  wiiih  very  few  exceptions,  their 
hierarchic  systems  on  the  Romanism's. 

Religious  organizations  are  essentially  close  cor- 
porations held  together  by  a  carefully  adjusted  com- 
munity of  selfish  interests.  Places  wi-tih  good  pay  and 
with  unusual1  privileges  land  no  work  are  powerful  fac- 
tors in  sustaining  religious  organizations.  They  grow 
strong  with  the  aid  of  the  greed  of  the  rich  and  intelli- 
gent citizens,  skillfully  combined  with  the  ignorance 
and  avarice  of  the  ipoor. 

The  weakness  of  all  the  religious  systems,  like  its 
strength  lies  in  the  unchangeable  characteristics  of 
human  nature.  Its  chief  link  of  cohesion  is  human 
selfishness  and  no  other  tie  is  so  easily  broken.  It  is 
never  disinterested,  it  is  faithful  to  no  sect.  Its  reli- 


35 

gious  loyalty  is  a  pretense ;  its  devotion  to  principles 
a  sham.  They  are  parasite  growths',  on  imperfect  so- 
cial and  political  conditions,  that  have  already  lost 
greatly  of  their  social  importance  and  will  finally  dis- 
appear in  the  light  of  universal  intelligence. 

The  aim  of  all  religious  sects  is  to  spread  igno- 
rance and' prejudice,  too  inculcate  the  spirit  of  submiss- 
ion and  slavery  to  enable  them  to  dominate  arbitrarily. 
The  more  powerful  they  become  the  more  hostility 
they  show  to  the  civil  and  republican  institutions. 
Had  we  left  the  Mormons,  few  years  more,  to  develop 
and  organize  their  forces  we  should  have  had  a  second 
civid  war. 

As  no  sectarian  organization  can  raise,  equip  and 
drill,  as  of  yore,  any  more  armies,  their  wealth  and  the 
ignorance  of  itihe  people  const  i'tue  all  their  strength. 
It  will  readily  be  seen  that  anything  which  strikes 
their  wealth  diminish  their  power  and  'sometimes 
vanish  it  totally  in  spitie  of  the  actuail  number  of 
adherents.  Although,  the  law  voted  by  Congress 
against  the  Mormon  sect,  cut  off  only  about  a  million 
dollars  it  brought  down  their  power  and  influence 
never  to  raise  again  to  antagonize  seriously  our 
Government.  It  was  a  good  move,  the  best  next  to 
expulsion  to  reduce  a  recailcitrant  sect. 

The  best  remedy  against  fanatism  and  all  reli- 
gious evils  is  the  non-sectarian  free  ipublic  school,  of 
which  the  object!  is  to  give  the  youth  tip  to  date  know- 
ledge in  sciences-  and,  letters,  principles  for  right  reas- 
oning, spirit  of  independence  with  intelligence  obe- 
dience to  the  laws  and  rightful  authority. 


-36- 
TRUSTS. 


The  tremendous  industrial  development  which 
has  taken  place  during  the  last  thirty  years  in  all 
civilized  countries  has  given  a  formidable  impetus  to 
the  organization  of  combinations  of  all  kinds  formed 
for  the  purpose  of  -controlling  the  output  of  natural 
and  industrial  products ;  for  regulating  prices  or  for 
adjusting  wages.  Trusts,  monopolies,  syndicates, 
unions,  or  by  whatever  other  names  these  combina- 
tions may  be  known,  are  not  peculiar  to  either  the 
present  age  or  to  our  country.  Trusts  are  born  with 
the  societies.  In  the  study  of  ancient  legislation  we 
we  find  laws  dealing  with  many  kinds  of  combina- 
tions. In  the  eighteenth  century,  the  history  records, 
the  monsitruous  fact  that  kings  themselves  were  at  the 
head  of  food  monopolies,  starving  their  people  to  keep, 
their  numerous1  mistresses  in  opulence. 

In  the  United  States,  commercial  and  industrial 
combinations  are  of  comparatively  recent  origin,  but 
the  rapidity  with  which  they  have,  of  late  years,  beerr 
formed,  indicates  the  popularity  of  a  system  that 
exists  more  or  less  developed  among  all  it'll e  nations. 
Their  stupendous  growth  in  the  United  States  has 
called  forth  on  them  the  attention  of  the  people  of  this 
country  and  from  abroad.  The  main  cause  of  the  com- 
mercial and  industrial  ^combinations  is  to  be  found,  in 
this  country  as  in  others,  in  business  conditions  rather 
than  in  the  tariff,  as  some  of  the  largest  and  most 
monopolistic  combinations  have  no  direct  'tariff  pro- 
tections Ruinous  excessive  competition  is  the  chief 


—  37  — 

<^ause  of  the  formation  of  agricultural  and  manufac- 
lured  products  combinations. 

It  is  not  the  purpose  of  the  Author  to  deal  lengthi- 
ly on  the  combination  question  in  the  narrow  limits 
set  for  this  work.  To  obtain  a  comprehensive  and 
thorough  knowledge  of  the  trusts,  monopolies  or  other 
combinations  in  the  United  States  and  prominent  na- 
tions of  the  world,  and  guard  himself  against  the 
superficial  and  dangerous  demagogic  denunciations  of 
wealth  resulting  from  the  present  agitation  against 
the  trusts,  the  Reader  is  referred  to  -the  works  pub- 
lished by  the  Industrial  Commission  created  by  the  act 
of  the  Congress1  of  'the  eighteenth  of  June,  1898.  These 
works,  on  the  much  disputed  and  controversed  ques- 
tions involved  in  the  subject  of  combinations  in  res- 
traint of  trade  and  competition,  comprehend  not  less 
than  nineteen  volumes,  and  were  closed  the  tenth  of 
February,  1902.  They  are  the  most  complete  and  im- 
partial works  ever  published,  in  -the  whole  world,  on 
ail  kinds  of  combinations.  No  citizen  is  entitled  to 
speak  sanely  and  intelligently  about  trusts  and  com- 
binations of  all  kin<J-s  without  having  preaiably  read 
them  carefully.  The  published  works  are  found  in 
ailmost  ail  the  public  libraries. 

No  countries  in-  the  world  possess  more  stringent 
laws  against  the  trusts  and  combinations  than  Eng- 
land and  France,  and  yet  there  they  thrive.  The  Latter 
country  has  devised  the  most  draconian  penal  legisla- 
tion ever  drafted  against  'combinations,  but  the  law 
is  applied  very  leniently,  if  not  at  all,  especially  out- 
side of  the  foodstuffs.  Everywhere  it  has  been 


-38- 

recognized  -that  the  combinations  are  necessities  of 
the  time.  There  are  flaws  inapplicable ;  where  the  law 
does  not  answer  to  the  reality  of  social  rapports,  law 
does  not  make  the  custom,  but  the  custom  does  make 
law.  Of  course  the  combinations  crushing  out  all 
healthy  competition, especially  those  dealing  in  prima- 
ry necessities1  of  life  such  as  foodstuffs,  must  be  treated 
accordingly.  Wise  regulations  and  restrictions  as  set 
forth  in  the  published  works  of  the  Industrial  Com- 
mission above  mentioned,  which  -provide  for  the  strict 
supervision  over  corporations  of  all  classes  and  a  rigid 
system  of  public  accounting  will  prevent  mucn  of  trre 
evils  and  abuses  arising  from  their  operations. 

Broadly  speaking,  the  large  capitalistic  combina- 
tions of  this  country  greatly  lessen  the  danger  of  panic 
and  distress  created  by  commercial  and  industrial 
crisis  resulting  from  overproduction,  and  give  a  great- 
er regularity  of  employment  to  workingmen  with  fair 
wage.  They  are  the  great  agency  of  warfare  against 
the  competing  capital  of  foreign  countries;  they  are 
the  most  essential  instruments  by  which  to  gain  and 
keep  possession  of  foreign  markets,  and  in  maintain- 
ing our  manufacturing  supremacy  over  our  powerful 
competitors  of  across  the  ocean.. 


CHAPTER  III. 
McKINLEY  AND  ANARCHISTS. 


The  shooting  of  President  M'cKinley,  and  his 
subsequent  death  about  one  year  and  a.  half  ago,  by  the 
anarchist  Czolgosz  gave  a  hard  shock  to  the  United 
States  and  the  whole  civilized  world.  The  general  feel- 
ing ran  high  against  the  man  who  committed  the  das- 
tard'ly  murder  and  against  that  supposed  new  political 
sect — the  Anarchists — who  startle  the  world  by  the 
systematic  murdering  of  the  earth's  rulers.  Every 
country  of  the  world  sent  in-  testimony  of  heartfelt 
sympathy  on  that  hour  of  deepest  sorrow  and  trial. 

President  McKinley  was  one  of  the  best  represen- 
tative of  the  American  civilization  and  of  American 
progress.  He  was  a  very  remarkable  man,  one  of 
those  men  who  are  the  honor  o>f  humankind.  Elected 
after  a  long  period  of  depression  and  stagnation,  he 
restored  the  tottering  credit  and  the  wavering  con- 
fidence, and  by  wise  measures  started  the  country  on 
a  new  development  df  activity,  which,  widening  and 
extending  as  it  advanced,  brought  in  the  most  splen- 
did era  of  industrial  growth  and  commercial  expansion 
the  world  ever  seen. 

He  m,ade  possible  for  the  -country  to  reach  the 
first  rank  among  the  nations  in  industry,  in  commerce 
and  in  wealth.  How  well,  coolly  and  fTfmly,  he  guided 


—  40  — 

the  country  through  portentous  labor  trouble  and 
foreign  complications ;  through  the  Spanish  war  and 
Chinese  disturbances ;  from  financial  weakness  to  the 
.forefront  of  the  sound  .money  gold-standard  countries ; 
how  at  Buffalo's  Exposition,  as  if  it  were  to  be  his 
apotheosis,  he  traced  with  an  incomparable  'clearness 
of  vision  and  breadth  of  statesmanship  a  program 
which  was  to  make  the  United  States  the  foremost 
nation  on  earth. 

Over  the  land  and  across  the  continent  he  went, 
and  his  engaging  personality  and  rare  powers  of  ora- 
tory won  their  persuasive  way.  He  had  every  element 
of  winsomeness,  of  personal  fascination,  a  subt'le  and 
indescribable  and  irresistible  charm  of  sincerity  and 
suavity  that  sway  and  captivate  the  multitudes. 

Some  of  his  speeches  are  models  of  inspiration 
and  'clearness  and  simplicity.  Depicting  our  national 
unity,  he  said  among  other  things:  ''We  have  no 
North,  no  South,  no  East,  no  West,  but  all  are 
Americans." 

And  on  principle  of  good  government1:  "The  Pre- 
sident and  Congress  are  'but  the  representatives  of  the 
public  will,  and  so  long  as  the  people  are  united,  so 
long  as  their  homes  are  virtuous,  so  long  as  the  public 
schools  of  our  country  continue  to  educate  the  children 
in  the  paths  of  patriotism  and  loyalty  and  intelligence 
and  morality,  so  -long  will  this  great  Government  rest 
securely  and  advance  triumphantly  to  its  highest 
destiny." 

To  wage-earners,  he  said:  "The  happiest  people 
in  the  world  are  those  who  are  best  employed.  Work 


—  41  ~ 

means  wages ;  wages  -means  contentment  and  bring  to 
the  home  opportunities  of  education." 

Speaking  to  the  Delegates  of  Unions,  he  declared: 
"All  my  public  life  has  been  'devoted1  in  effort  to  give 
the  workingmen  the  best  opportunity  for  good  wages 
and  steady  employment.  When  labor  is  well  em- 
ployed there  is  contentment  and  happiness  in  the 
houses  of  the  laboring  men." 

In  a  reunion  of  young  men,  part'  of  President  Mc- 
Kinley's  advice  was :  "Young  gentlemen,  there  is  no 
higher  duty  for  the  citizen  than  to  be  devoted  to  his 
country  and  to  it's  civil  institutions,  and  when  these 
young  men  and  the  young  men  like  you  from  every 
State  and  Territory  in.  the  Union  will  stand  by  the 
Republic  its  splendid  itnstit'utions  shall  be  permanent." 

Eulogizing  the  arts  of  peace,  he  said  in  part :  "We 
know  no  imperialism  in  the  United  States  except  the 
imperialism  of  a  sovereign  people.  Our  -triumphs  are 
those  of  a  free  and  self-governing  people  looking  to 
the  development  and  upbuilding  and  extension  of  liber- 
ty to  the  human  race." 

Such  men  are  uncommon.  No  wonder  that  he 
had  the  most  implicit  confidence  of  his  countrymen 
and  received  the  gentle  sympathy  and  the  intelligent 
respect  of  millions  of  his  feHow-citizens  without  dis- 
tinction of  class,  party  or  creed,  and  was  almost  wor- 
shipped by  them.  Could  such  a  man,  the  honor  of 
humankind,  be  murdered?  Nevertheless  he  was! 

The  tragedy  of  Buffalo  deprived  the  laboring 
classses  of  one  of  their  best  friends;  the  country  lost 
one  man  who  stood  for  the  best  interests  of  all  the 


—  42  — 

people  and  for  everything  that  was  praiseworthy  an<L 
progressive  in  our  national  life.  His  lofty  character, 
his  devotion  to  duty,  his  honesty  of  purpose  and  noble 
virtues  remain  with  us  as  a  -priceless  legacy  and 
example. 


THE  ASSASSINS  OF  RULERS. 


From  its  dawn  to  our  time  the  history  has  record- 
ed attacks,  more  or  less  successful,  of  assassins  on 
rulers  of  every  nation  on  earth.  Presidents  elected  by 
the  will  of  the  people  no  more  than  autocratic  or  con- 
stitutional royalties  escaped  the  poniard  or  bullet  of 
murderers. 

It  is  sad  to  add,  but  a  deep  knowledge  of  hu- 
manity, acquired  otherwise  than  by  newspapers  and 
books,  leads  me  to  say  that  these  murderous  'tenden- 
cies, are  to  last  as  long  as  the  world  itself;  therefore, 
rulers  of  every  rank  and  every  kind,  good  or  bad,  naive 
or  shrewd,  shall  do  well,  at  all  times  and  ait  any  time, 
to  take  the  necessary  preventive  precautions  against 
murderers  whether  these  cover  themselves  with  poli- 
tical or  religious  cloak  or  not;  or  step  down  into  the 
humbler  rank  of  the  mediocrity  where  there  is  'less 
danger.  Is  'this  general  warning  to  be  heard?  May 
be.  Said  the  Italian:  "Passato  il  pericolo,  gabbato 
il  santo." 

The  men  who  are  told  or  think  themselves  to  be 
new  Brutuses  of  every  kind  and  every  size,  or  the  new 
Saviors  of  'the  world,  or  are  willing  to  buy  cheap  fame 


—  43  — 

as  the  Greek  who  burned  down  the  famous  Ephesa's 
temple,  are  legions  everywhere  in  the  world,  among 
the  learned  and  underlearned  classes  of  all  the  people 
on  earth.  These  legions  are  likely  to  grow  with  the 
population,  with  the  'civilization  and  with  the  centu- 
ries ;  taking  new  religious  or  political  names  and  fancy- 
ing new  evils  as  the  centuries  go  by,  but  exactly  and 
eternally  with  the  same  underlaying  motives.  No 
country  however  rich  or  small  is  free  from  them.  The 
danger  for  organized  society  grows  with  the  energy 
and  intelligence  of  the  occasional!  chiefs  who  push 
them  to  the  front  on  the  field  of  battle.  To  get  noto- 
riety or  to  redress  real  or  imaginary  wrong  whether 
they  paid  it  with  their  life  does  not  matter  with  them ; 
they  know  the  risks  they  run,  they,  willingly,  take  it. 

No  legislation,  no  police  measures  however  drastic 
will  ever  be  able  to  root  them  out  or  to  control  them 
entirely.  They  are  'like  the  hydra  of  Lerna  of  which 
•the  heads  cut  off  or  decayed  grow  again  and  again. 
Any  imprudence  or  any  over  con  fide  rice  of  any  ruler, 
forgetting  or  weakening  his  safety-line,  will  invariably 
be  paid  with  and  intended  deadly  blow  from  a  gun,  or 
a  bomb,  or  a  dagger,  and  often  in  the  most  unsuspect- 
ed way  and  at  the  most  unsuspected  time. 

Czolgosz  killed  President  McKinley,  not  because 
he  was  William  McKinley,  citizen  of  the  United 
States,  but  because  he  was  President  of  the  United 
States ;  the  act  was  directed  against  the  official,  espe- 
cially because  of  his  high  fame  as  a  successful  ruler 
and  as  a  foremost  statesman.  Had  he  remained  a  sin- 
gle obscure  citizen,  he  would  not  have  'been  singled  out. 


—  44  — 

That  President  M-cKinley  had  been  warned  of 
such  danger  by  his  intimate  friends  is  evident;  but  he 
could  not  believe  such  thing  possible  in  the  freest  of 
the  countries.  He  had  supreme  confidence  in  the 
people.  He  repeated  again  and  again  that:  "The 
American  people  were  too  intelligent  and  too  loyal  to 
their  country  to  do  any  harm  to  their  chief  executive." 
How  he  paid  dearly  'for  his  confidence,  all  the  world 
knows.  Furthermore  it  is  within  my  personal  know- 
ledge that,  about  three  years  before  President  McKin- 
ley  'received  his  death  blow,  a  clear  warning  was  given 
at  that  time,  when  nothing  of  the  kind  was  even  sus- 
pected by  anyone  of  the  shrewdest  detective  of  the 
Union. 

I  saw  President  McKinley  at  the  Saint  Louis'  Ex- 
position, Missouri :  I  wondered  at  his  confidence  in  the 
crowds.  There  the  safety-line  was  trespassed. 

Later  I  saw  him  again  in  San  Francisco.  Here 
common  sense  precautions  prevailed.  He  was  going 
down  Market  street  in  a  carriage,  smiling  pleasantly 
and  bowing  gently  >to  the  immense  crowds  lined  on 
both  sides  of  the  street,  and  come  here  from  all  the 
West  to  get  a  glimpse  of  the  wonderful  man  who,  like 
a  good  fairy,  brought  unparalleled  prosperity  to  the 
country.  The  Police  of  that  City,  consequently  the 
Civil  Administration,  a's  a- careful  investigation  showed 
•me  afterwards,  is  second  to  none  in  the  United  States 
and  one  of  the  best  in  the  whole  world.  In  San 
Francisco  any  potentate  can  feel  secure  and  safe. 

A  typical  fact  among  hundreds  will  illustrate  well 
now  careless  and  unsuspicious  for  their  safety  are  the 


—  45  — 

m/en  brought  in  the  forefront  by  the  wild  of  their 
fe-llow-citiziens.  Some  nine  years  ago.  I  was  in  Paris. 
One  evening  as  I  wast  taking  a  drink,  according  to  the 
custom  there,  wk-h  two  friends  of  mine  in  one  of  the- 
numerous  "caife"  on  the  great  Boulevards,  a  person, 
whom  I  knew  for  one  of  the  'best  inspectors  of  the 
d-etective  force  of  the  old  French  capital,  come  in  and, 
afc'er  usual  greetings,  sat  down  with  us  and  ordered  a 
drink  of  coffee.  After  te'lling  some  news  of  the  day 
and  a  chat  on  the  current  topics,  he  added:  "I  am 
very  sorry  that  the  President — President  Carnot — has 
formally  ordered  us  again  to  leave  him  alone  and  not  to 
follow  him  anymore;  that  peremptory  order  may  be 
his  death-warrant."  Nobody,  I  believe,  paid  any  at- 
tention to  the  remark,  and  'each  one  went  his  way  a 
momemf  after.  About  two  months  later  President 
Carnot  was  assassinated  at  the  Lyon's  Exposition.  In 
hearing  of  his  stabbing,  those  words,  like  'lightning, 
flashed  vivid  through  my  mind.  Subsequent  details 
demonstrated  beyond  doubt  his  excessive  confidence 
in  the  multitudes. 

President  Carnot's  lofty  character  and  high  beha- 
vior, on  great  many  sides  similar  to  President  McKin- 
ley's,  had  won.  the  love  and  esteem  of  his  countrymen 
and  consequently  was  much  regretted. 


THE  ANARCHISTS. 


That  Anairchy  is  an   imported  principle  inimical" 
to  American  institutions,  there  is  no  doubt.     Patience 


-46- 

is  the  characteristic  of  our  people  in  seeking  any 
reform.  It  is  fixed  in  their  habit  to  wait  for  the  ballot 
and  to  submit  loyally  when  their  ideas  are  rejected  at 
the  poll.  The  Anarchists  proselytes  are  all  recruited 
in  the  flood  of  foreign  population  invading  the  United 
States. 

The  Anarchist  who  is  a  mere  theorist  'Cannot  be 
separated  before  the  act  from  his  murderous  brother 
who  'carries  into  effect  the  'theories  inculcated  to  him 
as  'he  understands  them.  They  have  no  general  stand- 
ard and  no  real  organization.  Their  main  platform 
is  a  simple  one,  somewhat  that  of  th<e  Beotians  of  the 
ancient  Greece.  Here  it  is:  "Common  property, 
socialistic  production  and  distribution,  free  love,  and 
perfect  individualism  ;  everybody  and  everything  free 
in  a  free  State."  The  sweet  "Do  as  you  please,"  of  the 
famous  monastery  in  Rabelais." 

As  a>  means  to  reach  their  arm,  the  more  violent 
proclaim  the  propaganda  of  the  deed  in  every  form, 
especially  put  out  of  the  way  all  the  rulers  they  can 
lay  hands  on,  as  the  best  way  to  reach  quickly  their 
goal. 

Said  Most,  one  of  their  leaders:  "Religion,  Au- 
thority and  State  are  all  carved  out  of  the  same  piece 
of  wood." 

Their  credo  is:  "The  Revolutionist  is  the  irre- 
conciliabl'e  enemy  of  it-he-  world,  and  if  he  continues 
to  live  in  it,  it  is  only  that  he  may  thereby  most  cer- 
tainly destroy  it.  He  knows  only  one  science — 
namely,  destruction.  For  this  purpose  he  studies  day 
and  night.  For  him  everything  rs  moral  which  favors 


—  47  — 

the  triumph  of  it-he  'revolution,  everything  is  immoral 
and  'criminal  which  hinders  it.  Day  and  night  he 
cherish  only  one  thought:  only  one  purpose — namely 
inexorable  destruction.  While  he  pursues  this  pur- 
pose, without  resit  and  in  cold  blood,  he  'must  be  ready 
to  die,  and  equally  ready  to  kill  everyone  with  his  own 
hands  who  hinders  him  in  the  attainment  of  this  pur- 
pose." 

Said  an  Anarchist  orator  in  a  speech  delivered  in 
Cooper  Union,  New  York  City,  some  years  ago :  "I 
look  forward  with  great  deal  of  joy  and  satisfaction  in 
the  hope  that  ere  'long  the  scenes  'that  were  enacted  in 
Paris  will  be  enacted  in  New  York,  and  the  streets  of 
New  York  will  be  covered  with  dead  bodies,  and  the 
gutters  will  flow  with  blood  and  the  houses  will  be  a 
burning  ma'ss." 

These  red-hot  utterances'  doubtless  have  some 
causes  'relatively  easy  ito  find  out.  The  permanent 
remedy  is  out  of  the  reach  of  any  man,  however  power- 
ful he  is  at  our  present  time  as  well  as  in  the  centuries 
to  come.  Darwin  has  given  out  the  plain  reasons. 

To  define  closely  and  substantiate  in  a  few  words 
the  anarchistic  doctrine  as  well  as  that  of  any  other 
religious1  or  political  party,  past,  present,  future,  in 
their  infant  days,  without  any  exception  whatever,  is 
the  man  poor  and  lean  and  hungry  isaying  to  his  fat 
and  rich  brother,  sat  in  front  of  a-  table  with  a  good 
smelling  dinner  on,  including  champagne:  "Get  out 
there,  you.  . .  .  !  that  I  may  have  the  place. ' 

As  you  s<ee,  the  best  remedy  to  the  glaring  and 
noisy  evil  is  clear  and  near  at  hand,  and  yet. ...  so  far. 


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